Im going to be an exchange student in one of those 3 places so i just wanted to know
Other - Ireland - 3 Answers
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1 :
Ireland - in secondary schools, where the age group is 12 or 13 to 18, the school year begins on 1st September and ends at the end of May. Primary school (age 4 or 5 to 12 or 13) goes from September to the end of June, but in recent years they have gone back to school in the last days of August. I think this is to compensate for longer holidays over Christmas and Easter. I don't know about Germany or Italy, though you should be able to find out on google.
2 :
Bluebell's answer for Ireland is fine, depending on whether you mean school or university. In Germany, it depends on what region you're in. The German authorities stagger the school holidays simply as a means of controlling congestion in holiday areas of the country. One thing you might want to do is rephrase your question: in Europe 'school' is ALWAYS school you go to until you're 18 to 20, it means what you'd call High School. As an exchange student, I assume you mean university student, therefore you need to be specific if it is indeed university you mean.
3 :
Depending on the region, a school year (for ordinary schools) in Germany usually begins in August/September and ends in June/July. I don't know about universities, either.